In 1997, world chess champion Garry Kasparov played a series of six games in a rematch against the supercomputer Deep Blue. The year before, Kasparov defeated Deep Blue, winning three games to one (with two draws) against the supercomputer. During the rematch, Kasparov won the first game but then began to struggle. When it was all over, Deep Blue claimed the victory with two wins against one with three draws.
Was Kasparov's loss a sign thatcomputers had become smarter than people? It's true that computers can perform calculations at a blistering pace. The Jaguar supercomputer has a top speed of 2.33 petaflops -- it can perform more than 2 quadrillion calculations every second [source: National Center for Computational Sciences]. By comparison, Hans Morvec of the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University estimated the human brain's processing speed at about 100 teraflops, or 100 trillion calculations per second [source: Delio]. Clearly, computers can already make calculations faster than humans. But are they smarter?
There's more to intelligence than processing speed. While a supercomputer like the Jaguar can analyze problems and reach a solution faster than humans, it can't adapt and learn the way humans can. Our brains are capable of analyzing new and unfamiliar situations in a way that computers can't. We can draw upon our past experiences and make inferences about the new situation. We can experiment with different approaches until we find the best way to move forward. Computers aren't capable of doing that -- you have to tell a computer what to do.
Humans are also very good at recognizing patterns. While we're making progress in machine pattern recognition, it's mostly on a superficial level. For example, some digital cameras can recognize specific faces and automatically tag photos of those people as you take pictures. But humans can recognize complex patterns and adapt to them -- computers still have trouble doing that.
Currently, computers fall short of possessing intelligence. But will that always be the case?
Massive supercomputers can perform trillions of calculations per second.
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Computers and the Human Brain
Could computer scientists build a machine that simulates the way humans think? It's not as easy as it sounds. The human brain is incredibly complex. We still don't have a full understanding of how the brain works. Without this understanding, it's challenging to create a meaningful simulation of the brain.
One of the features computers would need to be more intelligent than humans is the ability to draw conclusions from observations. In a study published in 2009, computer engineers at Cornell University designed a program that could do this on a limited scale. The program gave the computer a basic set of tools it could use to observe and analyze the movements of a pendulum. Using this foundation, the software was able to extrapolate basic laws of physics from the pendulum's motions. It took about a day for the computer to arrive at the same conclusions it took humans thousands of years to grasp [source: Steele].
While the Cornell project was a remarkable achievement in computer engineering, we're still years away from computers that can make conclusions from general observations. The Cornell software gave the computer the tools it needed to draw conclusions -- the computer was unable to create or refine these tools for itself.
As long as computers rely on sets of pre-installed instructions to perform tasks, they can't be said to be more intelligent than humans. Only when computers can adapt and perform tasks outside their initial programming will they be truly intelligent. Until that time, computers are just very sophisticated calculators.
Dozens of computer scientists are trying to solve this crucial problem. Some are attempting to design computers that can mimic human thought -- a tricky situation considering we still don't have a complete understanding of how we think. Other computer scientists prefer to design systems that don't use the brain as a model. Futurists like Dr. Ray Kurzweil predict that it's just a matter of time before we develop a computer system capable of being self-aware. After that, we may see computers capable of recursive self-improvement. That means computers will be able to analyze their own capabilities and make adjustments to improve performance.
But creating a self-aware computer system is beyond our capabilities right now. It may not even be possible. While we continue to gain understanding in the fields of biology and computer science, we may encounter a fundamental obstacle before we can ever create a self-aware machine. Alternatively, we may come to a point where human and machine intelligence merge, leaving the entire question moot.
Learn more about artificial intelligence and computer science by following the links on the next page.
Strickland, Jonathan. "Will computers overtake humans in intellectual ability?" 22 March 2010. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-intellectual-ability.htm> 22 May 2012.
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